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The canonizations were controversial for both branches of the Russian Orthodox Church. In 1981, opponents noted Nicholas II's perceived weaknesses as a ruler and felt his actions led to the resulting Bolshevik Revolution. One priest of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad noted that martyrdom in the Russian Orthodox Church has nothing to do with the martyr's personal actions but is instead related to why he or she was killed.[1] Other critics noted that the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad appeared to be blaming Jewish revolutionaries for the deaths and equating the political assassination with a ritual murder.[2]
There were those who rejected the family's classification as martyrs because they were not killed because of their religious faith. There was no proof that the execution was a ritual murder. Religious leaders in both churches also had objections to canonizing the Tsar's family because they perceived him as a weak emperor whose incompetence led to the revolution, the suffering of his people and made him at least partially responsible for his own murder and the murders of his wife and children. For these opponents, the fact that the Tsar was, in private life, a kind man and a good husband and father did not override his poor governance of Russia.[1]
Yekaterinburg's "Church on the Blood," built on the spot where Nicholas II and his family were murdered in 1918.
Church of St. Nicholas II at the Romanov Monastery near the site where the Romanovs' remains were found at Ganina Yama.
An official portrait of the Romanov family in 1913.
The Moscow Patriarchate ultimately canonized the family as passion bearers: people who face death with resignation, in a Christ-like manner, as distinguished from martyrs, the latter killed explicitly for their faith. Proponents cited previous Tsars and Tsareviches who had been canonized as passion bearers, such as Tsarevich Dimitri, murdered at the end of the sixteenth century, as setting a precedent for the canonization of the Romanov family. They noted the piety of the family and reports that the Tsarina and her eldest daughter Olga prayed and attempted to make the sign of the cross immediately before they died.
Despite their official designation as "passion-bearers" by the August 2000 Council, they are nevertheless spoken of as "martyrs" in Church publications, icons, and in popular veneration by the people.[3][4]
The bodies of Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, and three of their daughters were finally interred at St. Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg on 17 July [O.S. 4 July] 1998, eighty years after they were murdered. The bodies of Alexei and one of his sisters were at the time missing.[5] On 23 August [O.S. 10 August] 2007, a Russian archaeologist announced the discovery of two burned, partial skeletons at a bonfire site at Ganina Yama near Yekaterinburg that appeared to match the site described in assassin Yakov Yurovsky's memoirs. The archaeologists said the bones are from a boy who was roughly between the ages of ten and thirteen years at the time of his death and of a young woman who was roughly between the ages of eighteen and twenty-three years old. Anastasia was seventeen years, one month old at the time of the assassination, while her sister Maria was nineteen years, one month old and her brother Alexei was two weeks shy of his fourteenth birthday. Anastasia's elder sisters Olga and Tatiana were twenty-two and twenty-one years old at the time of the assassination. Along with the remains of the two bodies, archaeologists found "shards of a container of sulfuric acid, nails, metal strips from a wooden box, and bullets of various caliber." The bones were found using metal detectors and metal rods as probes.[6]
Preliminary testing indicated a "high degree of probability" that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to one of his sisters, Russian forensic scientists announced on 22 January [O.S. 9 January] 2008.[7] The Yekaterinburg region's chief forensic expert Nikolai Nevolin indicated the results would be compared against those obtained by foreign experts.[8] On April 30, 2008, Russian forensic scientists announced that DNA testing proves that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to one of his sisters.[9] With this result, all of the Tsar's family are accounted for.
Since the late 20th century, believers have attributed healing from illnesses or conversion to the Orthodox Church to their prayers to Maria and Alexei, as well as to the rest of the family.[10][11]
[edit] Tags:Rocor,Alexei,Peterhof,Yekaterinburg,Russia,Eastern Orthodoxy,Canonized,United States,Shrine,Church On Blood,O.s.,Tsar Nicholas Ii Of Russia,Tsarina Alexandra,Olga,Tatiana,Maria,Anastasia,Saints,Orthodox Church,New Martyrs,Russian Orthodox Church Abroad,Passion Bearers,Russian Orthodox Church,Bolsheviks,Ipatiev House,Yevgeny Botkin,Footman,Alexei Trupp,Ivan Kharitonov,Anna Demidova,Lady In Waiting,Anastasia Hendrikova,Catherine Adolphovna Schneider,Roman Catholic,Lutheran,Prince Ioann Konstantinovich Of Russia,Prince Igor Konstantinovich Of Russia,Prince Konstantine Konstantinovich Of Russia,Grand Duke Sergey Mikhaylovich Of Russia,Prince Vladimir Pavlovich Paley,Sister Varvara Yakovleva,Grand Duchess Elizabeth Fyodorovna,Varvara Yakovleva,Moscow Patriarchate (the Orthodox Church Inside Russia),Moscow Patriarchate, | |||||||||
| Notes | 2>
^ a b Massie, Robert K., The Romanovs: The Final Chapter, Random House, ISBN 394-58048-6, 1995, pp. 134-135
^ King, Greg, and Wilson, Penny, The Fate of the Romanovs, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., p. 495
^ Patriarch Aleksy Visited the Place Where the Remains of the Royal Martyrs had been Burned, Yekaterinburg, September 23, 2000, Pravoslavie.ru
^ GROUNDS FOR CANONIZATION OF THE TSAR FAMILY EXCERPTS FROM THE REPORT OF METROPOLITAN OF KRUTITSA AND KOLOMNA JUVENALY (Posted originally on the official web site of the Moscow Patriarchate)
^ Shevchenko, Maxim (2000). "The Glorification of the Royal Family". Nezavisemaya Gazeta. http://www.struggler.org/GlorificationOfTheRoyalFamily.html. Retrieved December 10, 2006.
^ Gutterman, Steve (2007). "Remains of czar heir may have been found". "Associated Press". http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070823/ap_on_re_eu/russia_czar_s_son. Retrieved August 24, 2007. [dead link]
^ Interfax (2008). "Suspected remains of tsar's children still being studied". "Interfax". http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&div=4189. Retrieved January 23, 2008.
^ RIA Novosti (2008). "Remains found in Urals likely belong to Tsar's children". "RIA Novosti". http://en.rian.ru/russia/20080122/97524018.html. Retrieved January 23, 2008.
^ Eckel, Mike (2008). "DNA confirms IDs of czar's children". yahoo.com. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080501043005/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080430/ap_on_re_eu/russia_czar_s_family. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
^ Serfes, Demetrios (2000). "Miracle of the Child Martyr Grand Duchess Maria". The Royal Martyrs of Russia. http://www.serfes.org/royal/miracleofmaria.htm. Retrieved February 25, 2007.
^ Serfes, Demetrios (2000). "A Miracle Through the Prayers of Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarevich Alexis". The Royal Martyrs of Russia. http://www.serfes.org/royal/miracleprayers.htm. Retrieved February 25, 2007.
[edit] | Tags: External links | 2>
In Memory of the Royal Martyrs, by St. John of Shanghai
The Royal Martyrs of Russia (Fr. Netarios Serfes)
New Martyrs, Confessors, and Passion-Bearers of Russia
Persondata
Name
Canonization Of The Romanovs
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth
18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1868
Place of birth
Peterhof, Russia
Date of death
17 July [O.S. 4 July] 1918
Place of death
Yekaterinburg, Russia
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canonization_of_the_Romanovs&oldid=486419006"
Categories: Russian Orthodox saintsPassion bearers20th-century Christian saintsNicholas II of RussiaHouse of Romanov1868 births1918 deathsHidden categories: All articles with dead external linksArticles with dead external links from October 2010Persondata templates without short description parameter
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